One District One Product (ODOP) – Saharsa

Foxnut (Makhana)

District: Saharsa | State: Bihar

1. How much Makhana is cultivated?

   The total area of Saharsa is 27 sq. km. Bihar is a major producer of Makhana accounting for more than 85% of the total production in India. Madhubani, Darbhanga, Sitamarhi, Saharsa and Katihar are some of the districts where Makhana is cultivated. The maximum temperature of Saharsa is 33.8 °C and the minimum temperature is 8.80 °C.

2. Some important facts about the district

   It is located near the eastern side of the Kosi River. The name Saharsa is derived from the Sanskrit word Saharsa which means “laden with happiness”.

   Saharsa is famous for its litchis and mangoes. In the 20th century, Saharsa was a part of Munger and Bhagalpur districts, which was made a district of its own on April 1, 1954.

   Saharsa is part of the Mithila region. The languages spoken here are Hindi, Maithili, and others.

   Shri Ugratara Temple (Mahishi), Surya Temple (Kandaha), Chandikasthan, Viratpur, Rakta Kali Temple, and Matsyagandha are famous tourist places in Saharsa district.

   Saharsa district has two sub-divisions: Saharsa Sadar and Simri Bakhtiyarpur. There are 10 development blocks and 10 circles in the district.

3. About the crop or product

   Botanical name of Fox nut is Euryale ferox. It belongs to the Nymphaeaceae family. These are original inhabitants of East Asia. Makhana contains 347 calories, 9.7 grams of protein, 0.1 grams of fat, 76.9 grams of carbohydrates and 60 milligrams of calcium per 100g. It is rich in manganese, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium. Makhana has no strong flavor or taste of its own.

   It is a perennial plant that grows in water and has bright purple flowers. The leaves of the Makhana plant are large and round, with the leaf stalk attached to the middle of the lower surface. The stem, leaves, and flowers float on the surface of the water. It is an edible seed that is propagated using seeds. Makhana seeds are small and grow in large clusters.

4. Why is this crop or product famous in this district?

   Bihar is a major producer of makhana in India, accounting for more than 85% of the total production. Madhubani, Darbhanga, Sitamarhi, Saharsa and Katihar are key districts where Makhana is cultivated. The climate and water resources of Saharsa are highly favorable for Makhana cultivation.

5. What is the crop or product from which it is made or used?

   Makhana is used in preparing culinary dishes and traditional medicines worldwide. It is edible in both raw and cooked forms. In India, it is often consumed roasted with spices and ghee/oil. Makhana is popular for making Kheer and is also used in Cantonese soups. It is utilized in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine. Consuming Makhana helps stabilize blood sugar levels, supports weight management, and promotes heart health. It should be consumed in moderate quantities.

6. Is this crop or product eligible for inclusion in the ODOP scheme?

   Yes, Saharsa is a major producer of Makhana. Makhana processed in Bihar is exported internationally to countries including the USA, Australia, France, Japan, and England.

7. What is the suitable climate, soil and production potential of the crop in the district?

   A tropical and subtropical climate with relative humidity of 50% to 90% and annual rainfall of 100–250 mm is suitable for Makhana cultivation. Makhana grows best in stagnant water such as ponds, swamps, and wetlands. The ideal depth of the pond is 4–6 feet with continuous stagnant water throughout the growth cycle.

8. Number of domestic, international trades and industries associated with crops or products

   Key trade setups include Kosi Makhana and Charuta Makhana Industry. Makhana products are exported to countries like America, Australia, France, Japan, and England.

9. Which crops are grown in the district? And their names?

   Some other major crops grown in Saharsa district are linseed, pulses, potato, mango, mustard, gram, and maize.